The analysis of skeletal features of fossil hominid remains is a classic approach to understanding the course of human evolution. As more of these rare finds become available as CT data sets, advanced studies can be conducted using virtual specimens.
Using the VOXEL-MAN segmentation and visualization system, it is possible to create a 3D reconstruction of, for example, a fossil skull, virtually remove the sediment matrix, cut open the skull non-destructively, and thus reveal its hidden morphology. Missing parts can be supplemented by mirroring the intact half. In addition to visual inspection, various measurements can be taken.
The skull KNM-ES 11693 from Eliye Springs, Kenya (top right), is particularly interesting because it exhibits both archaic and modern features. Its age is estimated at around 300,000 years. A virtual study examines and compares its endocranial characteristics for the first time [1]. A selection of early modern skulls from the Mumba and Strauss caves in Tanzania (left) serves as a reference.
A very different study compares the teeth of modern humans and other hominids [2]. It investigates the basic question whether the number of dental roots represents a adaption to dietary specialization, or rather reflects genetic polymorphism.
References
- Günter Bräuer, Christoph Groden, Flora Gröning, Angelika Kroll, Kornelius Kupczik, Emma Mbua, Andreas Pommert, Thomas Schiemann: Virtual study of the endocranial morphology of the matrix-filled cranium from Eliye Springs, Kenya. Anatomical Record A 276 (2), 2004, 113-133.
- Kornelius Kupczik, Fred Spoor, Andreas Pommert, M. Christopher Dean: Premolar root number variation in hominoids: genetic polymorphism vs. functional significance. In Elzbieta Zadzinska (ed.): Current Trends in Dental Morphology Research. University of Lodz Press, Lodz, 2005, 257-268.
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